Learning Objectives
Our objectives are to present a scoping review of issues linked to free trade internal and external to Canada.
- You will gain an overview of free trade data pertaining to Canada and beyond;
- The roles and the potential of mediation, conciliation, and support as Canada, the United States, France, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, varying Commonwealth nations, and others navigate a pivotal juncture in their trade and commercial landscape; and,
- An entry point for further investigation into organisational gaps and tensions linked to a disjointed array of domestic and external trade laws and structures.
Topics Covered
Upon reviewing the provided content, it is anticipated that you will acquire a rudimentary understanding of the subsequent topics.
- Revisiting free trade in Canada and beyond;
- Characteristics of free trade: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats;
- Potential for Collaboration: Mediation, conciliation, and support for internal and external trade relationships;
- Importance of respecting state sovereignty;
- Economic benefits of free trade;
- Free trade barriers;
- Legal and constitutional support for free trade and trust-based relationships;
- Reasons for revisiting free trade; and,
- How to contact us.
Revisiting Free Trade: Oh’ Canada
Defining Free Trade
For the purposes of this post free trade is defined thus :- generally unrestricted internal and external trade often involving purchasing, selling, or bartering, goods, services, and investments. Furthermore, free trade typically entails the exchange of goods between entities, without imposing limitations on the quantity of goods that one government can sell to another (Brittanica Money, 2024; Cambridge Dictionary, 2025). Thus, it often does not involve the imposition of tariffs on goods purchased from another country.
Let us endeavour to ascend the summits of the mountains building enduring domestic and international trading relationships.
Donald Trump’s administration has the potential to enhance assistance, establish robust domestic governance, and foster thriving economic, social, and security systems.
President Donald John Trump’s Administration
The United States is home to numerous skilled and hardworking individuals who hold human rights and freedoms in high regard. Moreover, Canadians and people from other countries face diverse political and personal challenges linked to the significant alterations in internal and domestic geopolitical laws, policies, and practices implemented by Donald Trump’s administration (Editor, 2025a; Fitzgerald, 2025; Hatter, 2025; Olbrycht-Palmer, 2025; Tomlinson, 2025). Notably, from a cognitive-behavioural perspective, frequently, people’s beliefs influence their actions.
Tariff Changes
Donald Trump’s actions in levying tariffs on Canadian and other nations’ exports to the United States present disadvantages and even an ominous geopolitical environment (Boak & Sherman, 2025).
The Spirit of Canada
On March 3, 2025, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of Canada stated that Canada would face 25% tariffs on products originating from the country and 10% on Canadian energy as of March 3 (Government of Canada, 2025a). Equally important, these tariffs, implemented in response to tariffs imposed by the United States, establish a trend that may lead to substantive trade conflict (Fitzgerald, 2025; Yousif & Ahmadi, 2025). Consequently, Canada is subjected to what it typically views as a breach of a free trade agreement.
Canada-United States- Mexico Agreement
Donald Trump’s administration has seemingly not acted consistently with the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) (Government of Canada, 2021). Moreover, this administration may attempt to justify this inconsistency on national security grounds (Nixon, 2025). Consequently, both Canada and Mexico have been notified of potential further changes and now need to assess their subsequent actions, for example, in relation to trade, commerce, and environmental issues.
Broadening and Building
Optimistically, if Canada and other nations must come to terms with this substantial tariff increase on goods, for example, aluminium transported to the United States, this change could usher in a transformative era. Notably, Canada stands at a crossroads with its external and internal trade and commercial policies and practices. However, it is suggested that people limit their purchases and consider repurposing as a means to actively participate in the conservation and preservation of the environment.
Facilitating Hope and Compassion
Hope, compassion, and reflection remain attainable, and it is conceivable that Donald Trump’s administration may revise its policies to foster greater respect for people from various nationalities and the environment. Moreover, as long as life persists, there exists the potential for change and transformation. An individual who has never erred has often not truly accomplished anything.
The Call of the Maple Leaf
A fundamental national trait is the collective identity embraced by Canadians and their friends. However, a potential advantage is that Canada could enhance its creativity and inventiveness, thereby increasing trade and commercial efficiency and effectiveness. Furthermore, it is important to acknowledge that this process may take a significant amount of time (Robertson, 2025a).
Canadian Possibilities
Canada has opportunities for rethinking and realigning its internal and external relationships. Nevertheless, it is crucial to recognise that Canada could experience a recession as it navigates the complexities of an emergent trade and commercial landscape. Overall, Canada is likely to be required to make adjustments with substantive tariffs on its goods in the United States (Robertson, 2025a).
By fully realising the potential of the Canadian Free Trade Agreement (CFTA) and collaborating with all levels of government, Canada can mitigate the challenges posed by social, economic, and uncertain geopolitical times. Furthermore, this nation can enhance its resilience by removing or reducing trade, social, and environmental barriers between provinces, territories, and global partners.
Revisiting Free Trade: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats!
Revisiting trade practices presents an opportunity to eliminate obstacles to human movement, goods, investments, and services exchanges, and general resource allocation (Bossé, et. al, 2023).
Negotiating Trade Relationships
As Canada continues to prioritise and negotiate existing relationships, and build emergent ones mediation, conciliation, and support emerges as a crucial to facilitate and enhance human interactions. For example, nations and individuals must collaborate in a spirit of solidarity, including to optimise disaster resilience and provide support to those affected (Council of Europe, 2006). Moreover, the expenditures and burdens of disasters, as well as the benefits of risk reduction strategies, should be shared equitably, which implies giving particular attention to the most vulnerable populations. Notably, the G7 Summit could provide a forum to assist these populations.
The 2025 G7 Summit
This is an opportune time to reach for the stars and explore the depths of the earth’s deep oceans below them. For instance, global leaders could communicate with President Trump’s administration to eliminate the tariffs and collaborate more effectively as a coming together of nations. This would reduce human suffering and could, for example, facilitate ocean and space exploration for the advancement of humanity.
Who are the G7 Participants?
G7 participants include Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The population of the United States predominantly traces its roots to Germany, Africa, Mexico, Ireland, and England (World Atlas, n.d.). This general overview serves as a reference point for understanding the diverse individuals who collectively form nations and represent a microcosm of humanity. The summit presents an opportunity to address pressing issues. The G7’s communiques could contribute to the well-being of both people and the planet. Its decision-making model is based on consensus.
Canada and the 2025 G7 Summit
Canada has a leadership position with the presidency of the 2025 G7 Summit (G7 2025 Kananaskis; Robertson, 2025b). Notably, this event will be hosted partly in Kananaskis, Alberta. Furthermore, this summit serves as a platform for fostering open dialogue and developing strategic and actionable plans for global peace and security.
As of 2016, Canada had over 250 nationalities, with a significant number originating from the British Isles and France. Groups of people with Asian origin included Chinese, East Indian, and Filipino (Statistics Canada, 2016).
The G7 and the G8
The G7 was formerly known as the G8, however, Russia was removed from the group following its invasion of Ukraine. The trade conflict began under President Trump’s administration, and it prompts reactions from other countries in response to the tariffs imposed. The tariffs need to be ceased without delay (Kwan, 2025).
Cultural and Social Fabrics
Notably, the five primary countries of origin for immigrants to Australia were England, Ireland, China, New Zealand, and the Philippines (Australian Bureau of Statistics, n.d.). Generally, Canada and Australia have diverse populations that collectively contribute to their cultural and societal fabrics. While there are notable similarities among the profiles of Australia, Canada, and the United States, significant differences also exist. Notably, neither Canada nor Australia, is a 51st state of the United States.
Canada and Australia as Nation States
In general, both Canada and Australia do not appear to be inclined towards the notion of becoming the 51st or 52nd states of the United States (Paul, 2006; Yousif, 2025). Generally, they possesses unique ways of life and historical narratives that their people cherish. Furthermore, Kernaghan (1993) in his song entitled “Texas Qld 4385” established distinctions between Texas in Queensland and Texas in the United States.
Kernaghan (1993) stated,
“And it’s home sweet home / Out on the border line / Well this is not the USA / We do things our own way…. I’m not talking about the USA / It’s just a little country town off the main highway.”
Notably, Kernaghan appeared to take considerable pride that Australians generally have a unique outlook on life that sets them apart from Americans. Explore further information regarding the collaboration in defence and security between, for instance, Australia and Canada in Exploring Aspects of Maritime Life.
Towards Sustainable and Dependable Free Trade Agreements
Nations including Canada, the United States, Australia, Japan, France, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, various Commonwealth states, and others could benefit from sustainable and dependable free trade agreements. Furthermore, these agreements have the potential to address challenges, for example, associated with rural and remote living in the context of global warming. Moroever, residing in rural regions and their outskirts may pose certain challenges, which can result in feelings of isolation. Nevertheless, these areas can also provide opportunities for lively social engagement, particularly during events such as rodeos (Kernaghan, 1993).
Revisiting Free Trade: Fostering Trust Through Mediation, Conciliation, and Support
Building trust often calls for mediation, diplomatic efforts and the consistent fulfillment of commitments made between parties. Notably, this is generally where simple, transparent communication becomes vital. Furthermore, plain language can help limit misunderstandings, making negotiations smoother and more effective. Thus, governments could also ensure that their actions match their commitments, which generally further strengthens trust over time.
Revisiting Free Trade: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, and Other Relationships
Canada and its longstanding allies in the United States and Mexico worked together to strengthen trade and commercial relations. For example, in 2018 through the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) (Government of Canada, 2021).
Revisiting Free Trade: Canada and the Commonwealth of Nations
Canada is part of the Commonwealth of Nations, and is party to trade and investment agreements as outlined by (Government of Canada, 2025b). Countries that follow common law can indeed be constitutional monarchies; notable examples include Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Collectively, such nations as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore share a common heritage as part of the Commonwealth of Nations. Although Singapore is a member of the Commonwealth, it does not operate as a constitutional monarchy.
Revisiting Free Trade: Recognising Human Rights
Canada and its allies from World Wars I and II, including the United States, have demonstrated the benefits of collaborative defence strategies, which also enhance trade and commercial partnerships. Furthermore, the United Nations War Crimes Commission recommended extending a 1919 list of war crimes to include arbitrary collective arrests, such as the seizure of hostages for the purpose of dominating civilians (United Nations, 1948). Moreover, following World War II, it appeared that allied powers recognised the need to develop human rights principles (McGinnis & Somin, 2009).
Revisiting Free Trade: Constitutional Monarchy Versus Republic
A constitutional monarchy features a monarch, either a king or queen, who operates within the boundaries set by a constitution, thereby lacking the capacity to make final decisions independently. In contrast, a republic is often characterised by the principle that the people hold sovereign power.
A constitutional monarchy incorporates a system of checks and balances, ensuring that complete authority is not concentrated in the hands of a few, including a metaphoric dictator (McClelland, 2007). Sir Winston Churchill was a prominent states person and historian. He held a profound appreciation for open elections, viewing them as a cornerstone of democratic principles (Gilbert, 1991). Such elections can contribute to trust and collaboration. Winston Churchill’s father was British and his mother was American. He was able to cultivate a distinctive bond with both nations reducing isolationism and national tensions (Chettle, 2001).
Revisiting Free Tree Trade: President Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924)
In the aftermath of World War 1, Woodrow Wilson, an idealist, prioritised the ideal over the pragmatic. He acted consistently with a Good Neighbour policy and envisioned establishing a community or League of Nations (Claunch, 2008; Cooper, 2025; Office of the Historian n.d.). Notably, he declined to support the collection of war reparations from Germany.
In 1918, Woodrow Wilson (as cited by Claunch) attested:
I am as anxious as any human being can be to have the United States render every possible service to the civilization and the peace of mankind. But I am certain that we can do it best by not putting ourselves in leading strings, or subjecting our policies and our sovereignty to other nations.
Claunch (2008) highlighted the limitations of the presidency and the insufficient measures in place to prevent the misuse of power and control. Overall, Woodrow Wilson supported international trade calling for a League of Nations to strengthen commercial relationships (Cavin, 2016). However, his trade building efforts were rejected by a Republican-focused Congress.
Revisiting Free Trade: The Demise of Constitutional Monarchies
Winston Churchill regarded the abolition of monarchies in Germany and Austria, influenced by President Woodrow Wilson, as one of the gravest errors of the Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920).
Even as late as 1934, Churchill expressed a desire for a “swing back to monarchies” across Europe (Langewiesche, 2017), emphasising the need for consultation, encouragement, and caution. This analysis suggests that, unlike a republic, a constitutional monarchy could potentially thrive with people at both the upper and lower echelons of society who may not fully grasp the complexities of state affairs (Langewiesche, 2017).
The Constitutional Monarchy in Canada
Currently, the constitutional monarchy in Canada appears to be facing a new challenge related to Donald Trump’s administration, which is ostensibly connected to Canadian natural resources (Chase, 2025). As narratives are written often collaborative accounts are subjective and shaped by the time and place in which they are set. Moreover, Winston Churchill recognised in a speech that each nation extols the virtues of its own commanders (Editor, 1904; Gilbert, 2012).
REVISITING FREE TRADE: WINSTON CHURCHILL (1874-1965) AND DWIGHT EISENHOWER (1890-1969)
In the past Winston Churchill and Dwight Eisenhower supported free trade. For example, Dwight Eisenhower in his 1958 attested that free trade was in America’s interest and facilitated global peace (Cavin, 2016). Armed conflicts and wars profoundly test and penetrate the human spirit. Also, those who do not learn from history and the challenges of isolationist imperatives are likely to be doomed to repeat it (Office of the Historian n.d.).
Both Winston Churchill and Dwight Eisenhower were exceptional strategic leaders, particularly during World War II (Keegan, 1989). Winston Churchill and Dwight Eisenhower appeared to have an enduring friendship, including during World War II (Lukacs, 1994). Winston Churchill was a former Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, serving from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955 (United Kingdom Government, n.d.). Dwight Eisenhower was a Republican and he became the President of the United States, serving two terms in 1952 and 1956 (Editor, 2014).
Revisiting Free Trade: Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt (1858-1919).
Winston Churchill and President Franklin Roosevelt shared a deep and enduring friendship. Born in 1858, Roosevelt lived until 1919 (Cooper, 2025). He was a member of the Democratic Party, a naturalist, served in the defence forces, and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Among his significant contributions were the establishment of the Export-Import Bank and the formulation of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (RTAA) in 1934 (Office of the Historian, n.d.). Notably, Franklin Roosevelt served a longer tenure than any previous U.S. President taking office in 1932, 1936, 1940, and 1944.
REVISITING FREE TRADE: WINSTON CHURCHILL ON THE WESTMINSTER SYSTEM
Winston Churchill, as cited by Sir Martin Gilbert (2012), held the Westminster System in high regard, and stated:
“I consider these parliamentary institutions to be of utmost importance to us, almost beyond compare. They appear to be the closest association yet achieved between the lives of the people and the actions of the state” (184).
Canada and Australia: The Monarchy that Binds
In 1960, the Canada-Australia Trade Agreement came into effect, superseding previous trade agreements. Specifically, goods originating in Canada are subject to preferential customs rates in Australia (Australian Border Force, n.d.). Subsequently, the agreement underwent amendments through the Canada-Australia Trade Agreement Amendment (1973).
Standing at a Crossroads: The Canada-Pacific Alliance
In 2017, Canada, along with Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore, initiated discussions regarding the potential framework of a Canada-Pacific Alliance Free Trade Agreement (Government of Canada, 2025b).
What Nation Is This?
Identify two democratic nations that are also members of the Commonwealth. Canada is a potential answer, but you could also refer to Australia, New Zealand, and other nations. The Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland touch the Pacific Ocean. In February 2025 a Chinese government warship travelled and remained for an interval an area just 150 nautical miles off Sydney (Jeffrey, 2025). New Zealand is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean.
Two Collaborating Nations: Australia and New Zealand
Australia and New Zealand are undertaking collaborative efforts to optimise peace and security in the Pacific region (Chan, 2025; Crimp, 2025; Jeffrey, 2025). This joint initiative seems to benefit other countries, ranging from Malaysia to Japan, which face significant challenges from the Chinese government.
Free Trade Between Canada and New Zealand
Canada has a free trade agreement with New Zealand. The New Zealand government commented on the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and raised the question :- “Why Canada Matters?” (New Zealand Foreign Affairs & Trade Manat Aver, n.d.a). New Zealand’s foreign aid strategy primarily targets the Pacific region, subsequently extending its efforts to Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean (New Zealand Foreign Affairs and Trade, n.d.b.).
Retributive Measures
Australia is to experience 25% on aluminum and steel that it exports to the United States. The United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and other nations have been traditional allies (Auckland University of Technology, 2025; Government of Canada, 2025a; Shih, 2025). The possibility for collaboration can be likened to an acorn seed, which, under operant circumstances, has the capacity to thrive and yield advantages for people and the planet.
Building International Cooperation and Optimising Democracy
The Canadian province of British Columbia along the West Coast borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbia is striving to take a proactive approach by collaborating with other provinces to promote trade and commerce, with the aim of mitigating the adverse effects of the tariffs imposed by President Trump’s administration (Nicholson, 2025).
The United States’ states of Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington border the Pacific. The southwestern Mexican borders are surrounded by the Pacific Ocean. Each nation and others have a stake in the Pacific and beyond. International cooperation and collaboration often yield greater benefits than positional bargaining, threats, and dominance (Office of the Historian n.d.).
US-Aided Nations Struggle
Conditions are challenging in U.S.-aided countries including in the Pacific Islands with the freezing of foreign aid for 90 days (Lee, 2025). This includes Asian-Pacific Nations (Viera, 2025). In the absence of support countries are likely to look to other sources to make ends meet. Notably, Australia according to Vieira (2025) is the most substantive contributor with 38% percent foreign aid. Australians have an established record of foreign aid in the Pacific.
Davison (2025) suggest that President Trump’s administration has negatively changed towards traditional allies (Davison, 2025). To uphold democratic principles, a group of nations like the Commonwealth remains a compelling concept. Furthermore, for example, Pacific nations should have their U.S. aid restored, and tariffs need to be eliminated. Geopolitical instability, for instance, in the Pacific region which is likely to impact at least five U.S. states and neighbouring Canada and Mexico.
Revising Free Trade: Struggles in the Pacific
Problematic conditions in the Pacific are further complicated by plans to deport migrants from the United States to the region. According to Silva (2025), Donald Trump’s administration is implementing a strategy to deport a greater number of migrants than has ever occurred in the history of the United States. In this context, the dynamics between New Zealand and the Cook Islands shifted following the latter’s agreement with China (Armstrong, 2025; New Zealand Foreign Affairs & Trade Manat Aver [n.d.]). In many relationships, there exists a balance between times of togetherness and periods of separation. Optimistically, this modification could present opportunities to extend and deepen meaningful relationships between allies.
The Pacific region, along with the disputed South China Sea, poses considerable geopolitical challenges. Pacific nations, face the threats of rising sea levels require various forms of assistance, such as medical aid (France 24, 2025). Additionally, these nations are also confronted with significant military activities from the Chinese government (Crimp, 2025; Jeffrey, 2025). Notably, China has also emerged as the second-largest donor in the region (Wong & Atkinson, 2025).
Revisiting Free Trade: Essential Life Needs and the Pacific
The prevalence of poverty contributes to an environment conducive to cartels smuggling illicit drugs. Pacific nations struggle to survive in harsh conditions, and their law enforcement is taxed to limit the unlawful trade of goods, including drugs like fentanyl. These circumstances present security challenges that transcend borders, ranging from regions such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United States, to Mexico.
Security Obstacles
Security challenges can be partially mitigated by collaborative efforts between a group of nations. Together these nations could provide funding and assistance to the vulnerable, for example, in the Pacific. For instance, the governments of United States, Brazil, Spain, the Netherlands and other governments and international agencies collaborated to interrupt an unlawful trading route running from South America to Australia (Editor, 2024). Subs had managed to find security gaps through which to profit. It is estimated that this collaborative action could have seized as much as $8.4 billion dollars of unlawful goods.
Building For Today and Tomorrow
As aid is reduced and traffic under Donald Trump’s administration traditional allied nations face precarious economic, social, and security situations (Bank of Canada, 2025; France, 2025, Verrender, 2025 ). However, Donald Trump’s administration has opportunities to reflect and draw lessons from geopolitical and social occurrences, potentially shifting its focus from domestic positions to global interests. This transition could enhance the value of governmental, mining, and other workers in the United States. Such an approach acknowledges the interconnectedness of the world including the United States, and all nations as part of a larger cycle of existence.
Revisiting Free Trade: Respecting International, National, Interprovincial, and Municipal Borders
Respecting international, national and interprovincial domains, are a fundamental aspect of state sovereignty, and they can be an entry point to cooperation. When dealing with issues like climate change, security, or trade, it is pivotal to open and mediate discussions while recognising borders and national dominion. Under international law, for example, there are two key tenets:
Sovereignty:
States possess exclusive control over their territories.
Non-interference:
Other states are prohibited from interfering with a state’s sovereignty.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1976)
Article 1 stated: “All peoples have the right of self-determination” (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1976). Canada is empowered by international law to exercise its right to self-determination. When nations engage in self-determination, they have the option to propose agreements that are accepted by other parties in a spirit of good faith.
Revisiting Free Trade: Agreements
Brunee (2006, et al.) examined treaties and noted that when parties reach a consensus, they could amend agreements. Natural disasters and unforeseen events may lead to modifications or annulments of multilateral agreements. Canada has not consented to alter or dissolve the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) (Government of Canada, 2021). In fact, Canada and Mexico stand against change to this Agreement. States that do not concur with amendments or the conclusion of the agreement can justifiably anticipate that the existing agreement will remain in effect until it is lawfully modified.
Revisiting Free Trade: Adjusting to Change
Canada grapples with changes to the free trade it did not endorse. Free trade with the United States cannot be regarded as a universal solution. Therefore, it is essential that free trade throughout Canada’s provinces and territories and with a wider array of partners be explored and pursued. Success can be subjectively viewed, and when people including their government entities meet to address specific challenges this can be a modest yet positive sign.
It is a priority to access inclusive environments, both online and in-person, that extend beyond social media platforms alone. This approach can be beneficial for Canadians and their allies, whether established or newly emerging, to engage in participatory and democratic processes that support their self-determination and respect for the planet.
Interpreting Sovereign Rights and Duties
Most nations acknowledge their own sovereign rights; however, they often face challenges in recognising the established borders of other nations. Nonetheless varied interpretations of these rights and their proper enforcement can lead to significant disputes.
The Hague Convention, IV
Even if aggressive acts are not explicitly mentioned in the Preamble of the Hague Convention (IV), inhabitants and belligerents may still be protected and governed by laws that are universally followed or agreed upon by nations in the international community out of a sense of legal or moral obligation.
Human life is precious, and there is a need to regulate acts of aggression and warfare broadly (Hague Convention, IV). Generally, understanding territorial and conceptual boundaries can serve as a foundation for building trust between various levels of government, which is often crucial in fostering cooperation.
In revisiting free trade it is pivotal to assess its impact on international, national, and interprovincial borders.
Revisiting Free Trade: Economic Benefits of Free Trade
Revisiting Free Trade: Optimising Border Conditions
Rinaldo (1994) highlighted the importance of optimising both external and domestic border conditions for trade. Free trade agreements can boost economic activity by reducing tariffs, promoting efficiency, and increasing overall market access.
Revisiting Free Trade: Monetary and Consumer Benefits
Transportation and border complexity are challenges when goods move across international borders, but these barriers could be reduced to enhance trade efficiency.
Revisiting Free Trade: Worker Mobility and Pricing
Rushowy (2017) pointed out that free trade can result in increased worker mobility and lower pricing for goods and services. Subsequently, this is beneficial for consumers, particularly if local producers are able to expand their reach.
Revisiting Free Trade: Expansion of Market Share
Small to medium-sized businesses stand to gain as free trade allows them to access larger markets, potentially growing their business beyond provincial or national limits (Rushowy, 2017). This could foster innovation and increase competition consistent with the objects of the Competition Act (1985). Notably, these objects include setting out to achieve economic efficiency and adaptability while balancing participation in a global economy with domestic protection.
Revisiting Free Trade: Challenges of National and Interprovincial Trade
Revisiting Free Trade: Red Tape Barriers
Canada and Australia share a key trade challenge and that is red tape with competing and inconsistent trade laws and regulations. Burton (2023) mentioned that Australia experiences a mish-mash of rules complicating imports and exports. Moreover, the Editor (2016), points out that the requirement for distinct permits from each province incurs inefficiencies and elevates operational expenses.
Revisiting Free Trade: Gaps and Tensions in Standards
Countries such as Canada and Australia experience challenges with gaps and tensions in trade and commercial standards. Subsequently, this adds to the costs of goods (Robertson, 2025). A significant issue in Canada, as Armstrong (2005) mentioned, is the lack of a formal National Highway System, which complicates transportation.
Revisiting Free Trade: Towards Comprehensive and Integrated Systems
Commercial transports, such as those travelling between Alberta and Canada, require duplicate inspections (Robertson, 2025). The Editor (2016) mentioned that in the United States only one license is required whereas “Lorries carrying heavy loads in Canada need permits from each provincial government, municipality and utility company along the route.” Canada, Australia, and other nations must revise their trade agreements to establish a comprehensive and integrated system of trade and commerce that is harmoniously balanced with environmental sustainability.
Revisiting Free Trade: Internal Trade Barriers
The lack of fluid transportation within Canada further discourages interprovincial trade. Conversely, if these challenges are successfully addressed, the GDP could potentially increase to 4.4% or even 7.9% over the long term (Robertson, 2025).
Revisiting Free Trade: Legal and Constitutional Support for Trade
The Canadian Constitution mandates the free movement of goods, services, and people across the country, reflecting the ideal of a unified market (The Constitution Act, 1867; The Editor, 2016). The challenge, however, is translating these legal principles into practical, everyday outcomes by overcoming red tape hurdles.
Revisiting Free Trade: Government’s Role in Trade
A critical aspect of the trade discussion is the role of government at various levels. Buckstein (2016) noted the need for cooperation between national, provincial, and local governments to reduce trade barriers, which could be achieved through legal reforms and trust-building efforts.
Revisiting Free Trade: Suggestions for Improving Trade
Reducing Red Tape: Simplifying processes for trade across provincial borders (such as fewer permits and more standardised regulations) could lead to significant economic benefits. Subsequently, this is likely to increase competition, lower costs, and improve access to goods.
Revisiting Free Trade: Building Trust Between Provinces
Trust-building initiatives, as suggested by Kukucha (2015), would go a long way in reducing barriers and encouraging smoother trade across provinces. Moreover, trust could be fostered through cooperation, transparency, and communication between governments and businesses.
Revisiting Free Trade: Creating a National Infrastructure for Trade
A more formalised transportation and logistics system, as Armstrong (2005) suggested, could help facilitate smoother internal trade. Furthermore, establishing a more coherent national infrastructure, including a national highway system, could mitigate the challenges of transporting goods within Canada. Likewise, McGuinty, & Chiarelli (2016) referred to the need to expand a highway system thereby strengthening internal trade. Subsequently, this can facilitate the depth and breadth of internal trade the importance of which is recognised, for example, under the Canadian Free Trade Agreement (Government of Canada, 2024).
Revisiting Free Trade: Promoting Discussion on the Free Trade Context
Engaging in diverse and thought-provoking discussions about free trade, including its advantages and disadvantages, is essential both online and offline. Such dialogues can reinforce the importance of human choice and promote a culture of democratic excellence. Nevertheless, no singular approach centred on human factors is devoid of limitations, and there are occasions when in-person interactions are needed. Additionally, there exists a place for hybrid interventions that blend both online and in-person methods.
Revisiting Free Trade: Facilitating Online Dialogue
Digital technologies encompass a wider range than merely social media. Their primary aim can be to enhance communication via information technologies, thereby making dialogue possible across both physical and conceptual boundaries (Molnar, 1995). Furthermore, online or distance education does not necessarily require the inclusion of sophisticated technologies such as television, satellite, or social media platforms.
Revisiting Free Trade: Transforming Time and Physical Limitations
People often encounter challenges when attending in-person meetings, which hinders their ability to participate actively in significant online discussions, including about free trade. For instance, shift workers, persons with disabilities, elderly individuals with mobility limitations, and caregivers regularly face logistical obstacles. These challenges incorporate transportation difficulties, and people would greatly gain from the availability of online support services that can alleviate constraints related to time and space.
Online mediation, counselling, the arts, and support services possess the capacity to empower individuals, families, and organisations, including those encountering challenges in attending in-person meetings. Furthermore, this empowerment allows them to participate actively in significant online discussions. Online mediation, counselling, and assistance encompass a wide range of services, including support in adult education and training,
Revisiting Free Trade: The Benefits
Historical and influential leaders such as Winston Churchill, Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt, and Dwight Eisenhower were generally advocates for free trade. Also, today the benefits of free trade are clear, especially in terms of economic growth, worker mobility, increased consumer choice (Kukucha, 2013). Moreover, acknowledging national dominion fosters a sense of unity among nations, promoting the development of a global family (Office of the Historian, n.d.).
Revisiting Isolationist Policies
Free trade recognition is likely to mitigate the likelihood of isolationist policies and practices, contributing to a more interconnected and harmonious world. However, there are significant challenges that need to be addressed at all levels of government. Notably, interventions ranging from litigation to mediation, conciliation, and support can play pivotal roles in reducing red tape hurdles and enhancing transportation infrastructure. These initiatives may prove beneficial in realising the potential of free trade while ensuring environmental responsibility in Canada and beyond.
REVISITING FREE TRADE: THE DISADVANTAGES
The courts operate at their highest efficiency when cases are brought before them. They face difficulties when individuals refrain from initiating lawsuits, such as in instances where people suffer harm related to free trade agreements. Certainly, additional options include mediation, counselling, and support that can be accessed before, during, and after court or tribunal hearings.
Revisiting Human Factor Involvement
Few human factor interventions are without their advantages and disadvantages. Free trade agreements do not operate outside of regulatory environments. These agreements need to adhere to the laws and legal processes governing domestic and international relations. Canada has integrated human rights frameworks into its constitution. For instance, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Charter) holds supreme legal authority (Government of Canada, 2025c). Furthermore, environmental liberties are consistent with existing human rights protections, including life, liberty, and personal security (section 7).
The United Nations Environment Programme
This programme (2025) categorises two types associated with environmental rights: substantive and procedural. When peoples’ fundamental human rights are compromised, such as due to the effects of a free trade agreement, they may have a legal foundation for taking action. Section 24 (I) of the Charter can provide remedies that extend beyond those solely afforded by the common law and equitable remedies (Berryman, 2006). Remedies for Charter breaches can range from apologies, to damages, and injunctive relief to prevent the harms from recurring. The legal framework is influenced by the human environment and the decisions and actions that people make.
REVISITING FREE TRADE: THE HUMAN CONTEXT
In the context of humanity, individual differences play a vital role in creating the diverse tapestry of existence. Therefore, it is essential to maintain and safeguard equal and inalienable rights, as articulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). International factors including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was part of the matrix in which the Charter (1982) is enshrined.
John Williamson AM is a renowned Australian country singer and songwriter. In 1975, the Order of Australia was established by Queen Elizabeth (Order of Australia Association, 2025). Notably, it is awarded to Australians who have demonstrated outstanding service to the Commonwealth of Australia (The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia, 2024; Trove, n.d.).
John Williamson draws the audience’s attention to pertinent themes that resonate with the human context, including the environment, the conditions faced by the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACS), rural life, weather-related challenges such as heatwaves, romantic encounters, mortality, the development of camaraderie over campfires, and human resilience. Williamson’s (2006) advice to Australia in the “Song This is Australia Calling”, suggests that nations can take proactive steps towards optimising internal and external trade relations and environmental sustainability.
Revisiting Free Trade: Lessons Learned
A murmur on the breeze
From restless dreams
Awaken me this morning
The message came from Uluru
The spirit’s ill at ease
In ancient voices sounding out a warning
“You′ve taken all you wanted!”
I heard the anguished cry
“The time has come to say “enough” before the well runs dry”
This is Australia calling…” (Williamson, 1995).
Balancing Internal and External Trade with Environmental Stability
Such nations as Canada, Australia, and New Zealand share common law traditions. Despite operating independently and possessing distinct cultures and traditions, they share certain commonalities. For instance, these countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Canadians, Australians and New Zealanders employ a unique political organisational framework based on a constitutional monarchy, which markedly differs from the republican system of the United States.
In Closing
Why Revisit Free Trade?
The importance of legal frameworks and the constitutional requirement for fluid trade is overt, and practical obstacles must be overcome to ensure that internal trade barriers are minimised. Moreover, it is feasible to advance reforms and emphasise cooperative initiatives among various levels of government while ensuring that trade practices remain environmentally sustainable.
In conclusion, this paper has offered the following:
- A beginning scoping review of conceptual territories linked to free trade both internal and external to Canada;
- An overview of free trade data mainly pertaining to Canada;
- The roles and potential of mediation, conciliation, and support as Canada, the United States, and others navigate a pivotal juncture in their trade and commercial landscape;
- An overview of free trade and systemic issues;
- A summary of avenues for further exploration, highlighting the necessity to improve the existing literature on organisational shortcomings and conflicts stemming from the fragmented nature of both domestic and international trade regulations and frameworks; and,
- How to contact us.
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